Traditional capitalist systems have been built on linear economic models (i.e., take-make-waste models) that emphasize extraction, production, consumption, and disposal. This model is not only wasteful but also deeply unsustainable in the context of planetary boundaries. With these systems, we are using up the planet’s raw materials so quickly that nature cannot keep up.

Circularity challenges are emerging globally as our current production and consumption patterns are fundamentally flawed...